- What's the difference between a resume and a CV, and when do you use each?
- A resume is typically one or two pages summarising relevant experience for a specific job, common in the United States and Canada. A CV (curriculum vitae) is a longer, comprehensive record of all academic and professional achievements, standard in Europe, academia worldwide, and research roles. The format you use depends on geography and industry convention.
- How do applicant tracking systems affect the way a resume needs to be written?
- Applicant tracking systems scan resumes for keywords, job titles and qualifications before a human sees them. This means using standard section headings like "Work Experience" rather than creative labels, avoiding tables or text boxes that confuse parsers, and mirroring language from the job description where accurate. Readable formatting matters as much as content.
- Should a resume focus on responsibilities or achievements?
- Achievements demonstrate impact; responsibilities only describe the role. A line like "Managed a team of five" states a duty, while "Led a team of five to reduce processing time by 30 per cent" shows measurable results. Effective resumes replace task lists with evidence of what the candidate delivered, using numbers and outcomes wherever possible.
- When does a functional resume make sense instead of a chronological one?
- A functional resume groups skills by category rather than listing jobs in order. It suits career changers, people with employment gaps, or those whose relevant experience is scattered across roles. However, many recruiters distrust the format because it obscures work history, so it works best when the skills themselves matter more than tenure or progression.
- How much detail should older jobs include compared to recent ones?
- Recent roles warrant more detail because they reflect current skills and are more relevant to hiring decisions. A position from the last five years might take three to five bullet points, while a job from fifteen years ago might merit one line or be grouped under "Earlier Experience." The principle is reverse chronological emphasis: depth decreases as you go back in time.
- What file format should a finished resume be delivered in?
- PDF is standard because it preserves formatting across devices and operating systems, ensuring the document looks identical to what was designed. Word documents can reflow unpredictably depending on software version or font availability. Some application systems request specific formats, but when choice exists, PDF is the safest default for maintaining visual consistency.